Scheduling System

Booking is the way toward concluding how to submit assets between an assortment of potential errands. Time can be determined (booking a trip to leave at 8:00) or gliding as a major aspect of an arrangement of occasions. The word may likewise allude to: * I/O booking, the request wherein I/O demands are submitted to a square gadget in Computer Operating Systems * Scheduling (broadcasting), the moment arranging of the substance of a radio or transmission channel * Scheduling calculation Scheduling (registering), the manner in which different procedures are doled out in performing multiple tasks and multiprocessing working framework structure * Scheduling (creation forms), the arranging of the creation or the activity * Schedule (work environment), guaranteeing that an association has adequate staffing levels consistently * Job scheduler, a venture programming application accountable for unattended foundation executions. * Job Shop Scheduling, an advancement issue in software engineerin g. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Scheduling cheduling registering Scheduling is a key idea in PC performing various tasks, multiprocessing working framework and ongoing working framework structures. Planning alludes to the manner in which procedures are doled out to run on the accessible CPUs, since there are commonly a lot a greater number of procedures running than there are accessible CPUs. This task is completed by virtual products known as a scheduler and dispatcher. The scheduler is concerned basically with: * Throughput †number of procedures that total their execution per time unit. Inactivity, explicitly: * Turnaround †all out time between accommodation of a procedure and its fulfillment. * Response time †measure of time it takes from when a solicitation was submitted until the principal reaction is delivered. * Fairness †Equal CPU time to each procedure (or all the more for the most part suitable occasions as per each procedure's need). Practic ally speaking, these objectives frequently strife (e. g. throughput versus dormancy), in this manner a scheduler will execute a reasonable trade off. Progressively situations, for example, cell phones for programmed control in industry (for instance mechanical technology), the scheduler likewise should guarantee that procedures can comply with time constraints; this is critical for keeping the framework stable. Booked undertakings are sent to cell phones and oversaw through a managerial back end. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Scheduling_%28computing%29 SYSTEM-(from Latin systema, thus from Greek systema, â€Å"whole intensified of a few sections or individuals, system†, scholarly â€Å"composition†[1]) is a lot of communicating or reliant framework parts shaping an incorporated entirety. The idea of a â€Å"integrated whole† can likewise be expressed as far as a framework epitomizing a lot of connections which are separated from connections of the set to different components, and from connections between a component of the set and components not a piece of the social system. The logical examination field which is occupied with the investigation of the general properties of frameworks incorporate frameworks hypothesis, computer science, dynamical frameworks, thermodynamics and complex frameworks. They research the theoretical properties of the issue and association, looking through ideas and standards which are autonomous of the particular space, substance, type, or worldly sizes of presence. Most frameworks share basic attributes, including: * Systems have structure, characterized by segments and their creation; * Systems have conduct, which includes sources of info, handling and yields of material, vitality, data, or information; * Systems have interconnectivity: the different pieces of a framework have practical just as auxiliary connections between one another. Frameworks may have a few capacities or gatherings of capacities http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/System booking 1. Allotting a proper number of laborers to the employments during every day of work. 2. Deciding when an action should begin or end, contingent upon its (1) span, (2) antecedent movement (or exercises), (3) ancestor connections, (4) asset accessibility, and (5) target fulfillment date of the unde rtaking. http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/planning. html http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Scheduling-booking taken from wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Scheduling_%28computing%29-planning taken from Wikipedia (registering) Scheduling Definition The way toward changing over a general or diagram plan for an undertaking into a time sensitive realistic introduction given data on accessible assets and time requirements http://www. maxwideman. com/issacons3/iac1302/tsld002. htm schedâ ·ule ? ? /? sk? d? ul, - ? l, - u? l; Brit. dyul, d? ul/Show Spelled [skej-ool, - ool, - oo-uhl; Brit. shed-yool, shej-ool] Show IPA thing, action word, - uled, - ulâ ·ing. â€noun 1. an arrangement of method, normally composed, for a proposed objective, esp. ith reference to the grouping of and time apportioned for every thing or activity important to its culmination: The timetable permits three weeks for this stage. 2. a progression of action items or of occasions to happen at or during a specific time or period: He generally has a full timetable. 3. a schedule. 4. a composed or printed proclamation of subtleties, regularly in arranged or plain structure, esp. one shaping an addendum or illustrative expansion to another record. 5. Out of date . a composed paper. â€verb (utilized with object) 6. to make a calendar of or enter in a timetable. 7. to anticipate a specific date: to plan distribution for June. Use plan for a Sentence See pictures of timetable Search plan on the Web Origin: 1350â€1400;  ; LL schedula,  equiv. to L sched ( a ) leaf of paper + - ula - ule;  r. ME cedule, sedule  ; MF ; LL, as above http://word reference. reference. com/peruse/plan manual framework A manual framework for the most part implies done by hand. That could be composing all your data into Notepad. http://answers. hurray. com/question/record? qid=20080902103751AAPQHyr framework (1) A gathering of reliant things that connect normally to play out an errand. (2) A built up or sorted out methodology; a technique. 3) A PC framework alludes to the equipment and programming parts that run a PC or PCs. (4) A data framework is a framework that gathers and stores information. (5) On Macintoshes, System is short for System record, a basic program that runs at whatever point you fire up a Macintosh. The System gives data to every single other application that sudden spike in demand for a Macintosh. The System and Finder programs together make up the Mac OS. (6) System frequently basically alludes to the working framework. http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/S/framework. html SYSTEM: (1) A gathering of related things that collaborate consistently to play out an errand. 2) A set up or composed strategy; a technique. (3) A PC framework alludes to the equipment and programming segments that run a PC or PCs. (4) A data framework is a framework that gathers and stores information. (5) On Macintoshes, System is short for System document, a basic program that runs at whatever point you fire up a Macintosh. The System gives data to every other application that sudden spike in demand for a Macintosh. The System and Finder programs together make up the Mac OS. (http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/S/framework. html) Effective Scheduling Planning to Make the Best Use of Your Time iStockphoto/vasiliki So far in this segment of Mind Tools, we have taken a gander at your needs and your objectives †these characterize what you seek to do with your time. Booking is the place these desires meet the truth of the time you have accessible. Planning is the procedure by which you take a gander at the time accessible to you, and plan how you will utilize it to accomplish the objectives you have distinguished. By utilizing a calendar appropriately, you can: * Understand what you can realisticaly accomplish with your time. * Plan to utilize the time accessible. * Leave enough an ideal opportunity for things you totally should do. Protect possibility time to deal with ‘the startling'. * Minimize worry by staying away from over-duty to yourself as well as other people. Instructions to Use the Tool: There are numerous acceptable booking devices accessible, including journals, schedules, paper-based coordinators, PDAs and incorporated programming suites like MS Outlook or GoalPro 6. The planning instrument that is best for you relies upon your circumstance, the current structure of you r activity, your taste and your spending plan: The key things are to have the option to enter information effectively, and to have the option to see a fitting range of time in the right degree of detail. Booking is best done all the time, for instance toward the beginning of consistently or month. Experience the accompanying strides in setting up your calendar: 1. Start by recognizing the time you need to make accessible for your work. This will rely upon the structure of your activity and on your own objectives throughout everyday life. 2. Next, obstruct in the moves you completely should make to work superbly. These will regularly be the things you are surveyed against. 3. For instance, in the event that you oversee individuals, at that point you should make time accessible for managing issues that emerge, instructing, and oversight. So also, you should permit time to speak with your chief and key individuals around you. While individuals may let you pull off ‘neglecting them' for the time being, your best time the executives endeavors will definitely be wrecked in the event that you don't save time for the individuals who are significant in your life. 4. Survey your To Do List, and plan for the high-need earnest exercises, just as the fundamental upkeep errands that can't be appointed and can't be stayed away from. 5. Next, obstruct in proper possibility time. You will figure out the amount of this you need by understanding. Typically, the more eccentric your activity, the more possibility time you need. The truth of numerous individuals' work is of consistent interference: Studies give a few administrators getting a normal of as meager as six minutes continuous work done at once. 6. Clearly, you can't tell when interferences will happen. Notwithstanding, by leaving space in your schedul

Assignment - Assistive Technology Plan Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

- Assistive Technology Plan - Assignment Example Research capacity is restricted because of his physical incapacity, and his presentation in sociology and aesthetic sciences courses is beneath normal. He has a requirement for increasingly physical action, yet it has demonstrated hard to get this going. Because of his absence of inclusion in extra-curricular exercises, James makes some hard memories making and keeping up solid associations with his friends. He is handily enraged and baffled at not being to take part in some regular exercises, yet he has all the earmarks of being losing the craving to do so out and out too. His physical aptitudes keep on decaying, as he doesn't show a lot of physical effort at all during the typical course of a day. James has two more established siblings and a mindful mother and father at home. All signs are that the family structure gives a supporting domain that has contributed enormously to James’ victories to this point. The more established siblings have consistently helped with James wh en they can and they invest a lot of energy with him, while being allowed to continue with their day by day lives autonomous of the family also. Objectives of the AT Plan: The Assistive Technology Plan for James includes furnishing him with gadgets that will help his looking into and composing abilities pushing ahead. Also, a few gadgets ought to be viewed as that urge James to turn out to be all the more truly dynamic and all the more socially included. At last, the AT Plan won't disregard his present qualities in the fields of math and science and, in that capacity, will incorporate gadgets planned for promoting his advantage and capacity to exceed expectations in these controls (Beard, Carpenter, and Johnston, 2011). . Materials and Methods Potential Barriers/Missed Opportunities AT Solutions Example: Printed course book or worksheets Student with a visual weakness experiences issues seeing little content. This understudy would profit by utilizing a book to-discourse program, for example, Kurzweil 3000 (http://www.kurzweiledu.com/k12.html) with the goal that content can be changed over to records and read out loud to the student.â Further, the understudy could profit by having an electronic magnifier for content based assets utilized in the learning condition (Beard, Carpenter, and Johnston, 2011, p. 75). 1.Lab reports and numerical recipes  Because James has troublesome with portability, it is frequently hard for him to control lab reports and math equations to perceive what is anticipated from him. A gadget that amplifies visual guides to the point it is increasingly open to James would be useful to him as he endeavors to keep on building up his math and science aptitudes. 2.Reading sociology and human sciences materials, especially when doing research Because it isn't just hard for James to hold perusing material for extensive stretches of time, it is likewise lumbering for him to peruse a lot of material on the PC, microfilm, or through another medi um. There are gadgets that convert content to voice. This could demonstrate helpful to James so that once he discovers material applicable to a specific point he is keen on investigating, he can more readily concentrate by tuning in to the content and accepting notes varying. This would kill his need to attempt to control messages, the PC, or papers to suit his physical restrictions. 3.  Computer Typing It is very work concentrated for James to type. Also, it is considerably progressively hard for him

Blog Archive MBA News MBA Alumni in the News for the Wrong Reasons

Blog Archive MBA News MBA Alumni in the News for the Wrong Reasons Last week, an insider trading drama at SAC Capital, one of the world’s largest hedge funds, hit the front pages. While the world waits to find out if SAC founder Stephen A. Cohen will be charged along with Stephen Martoma, one of his former money managers, we cannot help but wonder if the alumni offices at the Wharton  School  and the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB)  are getting a bit antsy. Martoma, a Stanford GSB graduate, and Cohen, a Wharton college graduate, could be trading blows and implicating each other in court, keeping the two schools that educated this duo in the public eye for months. This brewing insider trading scandal comes on the heels of a sensational scandal that has just left the front pages and also involves graduates of top schools. In May 2011, Wharton graduate Raj Rajaratnam was found guilty on 14 counts of conspiracy and securities fraud; his colleague, Rajat Guptaâ€"a graduate of Harvard Business Schoolâ€"was accused of passing tips to Rajaratna m and was recently sentenced to two years in prison. Of course, these schools have tens of thousands of alumni, and  painting them all  with the same  brush would be wrong. Still, the headlines are certainly unwelcome, and these schools would be more than happy to see them recede. Share ThisTweet News

Symbolic Interactionism and Geertz Deep Play - an...

Symbolic Interactionism and Geertz’ Deep Play Symbolic interaction, one of the three main perspectives of the social sciences of Anthropology and Sociology, was thought to be first conceived by Max Weber and George Herbert Mead as they both emphasized the subjective meaning of human behavior, the social process, and the humanistic way of viewing of Anthropology and Sociology. As human behavior and socialization were observed, Mead discovered that behavior may be either overt, meaning observable, or covert, the underlying meaning that behaviors tend to imply. Symbolic interaction was further developed and basic principles and assumptions were established. The basic assumptions of Symbolic Interactionism are 1) beliefs, however†¦show more content†¦This short sequence of events reflects the second assumption of Symbolic Interaction: actions are guided by interpretation. The Balinese interpreted the Geertz’ reaction to the raid as that of being one with them; instead of asserting their higher visitor status, they c hose to follow the natives in their plight. Because of this, the Geertz’s were finally given access to the community and were able to see that which only the intimate members could see. After being accepted into the community, the Clifford Geertz was able to not only observe the cockfights up close, but to ask the natives questions regarding their traditions. According to the basic principles of Social Interactionism, in social interaction, people learn the meanings and symbols that allow them to exercise their distinctively human capacity for thought. Through asking and socializing, Geertz was able to discover the various myths and beliefs that were incorporated into Balinese cockfighting traditions, beliefs which not only reflected the cockfighting, but the entire behavioral psyche of the Balinese themselves. For example, there are various beliefs involved in the making of the tadji or the steel spurs; among these the belief that one may only make and sharpen steel spurs du ring eclipses and full moons. This tradition is reflective of yet another assumption of Symbolic Interactionism, and that is culture is

Religions of the World Essay - 1063 Words

Religions of the World Religions of the world must be studied subjectively, or with the attitude of pluralism, the view that they are all equal. A number of methods are used to study religions. The most common is the historical comparative method in which a certain faiths history and traditions are deliberated. This method focuses on orthodoxy, meaning correct thought. Another method is the phenomenological method. This method, unlike the historical comparative method, is centered on orthopraxy, or correct practice. Other less common methods involve subjective modes of study such as the confessional method of study, which interprets a religion based on a particular point of view, and the empathetic approach, which is based†¦show more content†¦Rocks also possess religious references. Easter Island and Stonehenge, for example, hold religious significance of ethnic religions of the past. The Kotel, or the Wailing Wall, in Jerusalem is a more modern example, being the last standing part of the s econd temple. Other examples of physical geography in religion are trees, which were used to create totems, and rivers, such as the Nile, which was sacred in the ancient Egyptian religion and the Ganges, which is still sacred today to the Hindus. Water is used as a means of purification in Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The desert is also and example. It is often considered to be a means of spiritual refinement. The ecology of religion is of great importance. The processes of nature become ritualized in attempt to change the processes or powers behind them. Simple ethnic religions, especially, are built around cycles of nature as fertility rituals. The more complex the religion becomes, the more complex the type of ritual practiced becomes. When Christianity began, it practiced many of the values from the Mediterranean agricultural societies from which it originated. Christianity began to take on the characteristics of the people who accepted it. For instance, the Jewis h Passover became Easter, Christmas was not originally practiced, but Christians gradually absorbed the pagan celebration of the winter solstice. Religion also relates directly to the land. EnvironmentalShow MoreRelatedWorld Religion2226 Words   |  9 PagesReligion is a hard word to define. Some might define religion as believing in a high power, deities, or a single God. Others define it as a belief system that has more to do with culture and traditions being past down from generation to generation than anything. According to Ask.com (n.d.), religion is define as the belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. 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Lateral Violence As A Non Physical Act - 1368 Words

Lateral violence is described as a non-physical act occurring between individuals and is intended to hurt another person emotionally. It may be a secretive or noticeable act of verbal or non-verbal hostility. The actions can extend exterior to the place of work and can be perpetrated individually or in cyberspace. Within the nursing community, lateral violence is described as aggression behaviors amongst nurses. The most common forms of lateral violence in the nursing practice include: undermining actions, withholding information, interference, backbiting, incrimination, backstabbing, broken confidences, and failure to respect the privacy of another person. Workplace conflict leads to adverse impacts on registered nurses, patients, other†¦show more content†¦Other issues mentioned include discrimination in the workplace, the perception of subjection, anger, and power wrangles within healthcare organizations. They further conclude that health care organizations need to eradic ate antecedent and equip nurses with skills and techniques required to eliminate lateral violence and improve the nursing workplace, patient health care, and nurse retention. A study by Jean Carban titled â€Å"Lateral violence in nursing†, presents three major factors contributing to lateral violence: Oppression in the workplace, gender issues, and low self-esteem. The author argues that there has been the culture of domination within the nursing community leaving nurses feeling powerless. This is further intensified by the fear of reprisal and punishment preventing the nurses from responding to oppression. Consequently, nurses feel hurt and vulnerable since this cycle is repeated. Gender theory as a cause of lateral violence maintains that lateral violence happens because socialization amongst women does not allow them appreciates themselves and the role they play in nursing. The gender theory postulates that female nurses do not feel equal in control or professional stature. As a result, they become unsatisfied and angry and will let out their feelings on each other. Within the nursing community, positive self-esteem enables empathetic conducts; the provision of personalized, universal care, and

Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections in Developing Countries free essay sample

Indeed some are relatively wealthy oil exporting nations or newly industrializing world economies; a considerable number are middle income countries. At the end of the development scale lie around fifty very poor nations with predominantly agricultural economies, which tend to be heavily dependent on external aid. From a medical perspective, many developing countries are often characterised by significant health and hygiene issues. Indeed it has been estimated that more than 1 billion inhabitants in these countries do not have access to safe water and even less to basic sanitation (1). Around 1. 5 million children in the developing world die per year; diarrhoea is responsible for more than 80% of these deaths (2). One of the reasons for this state of affairs is the low expenditure and budgetary allocation within the poorer countries of the world towards health. Indeed the proportion of annual expenditure for health related initiatives in many developing countries is often less than 5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), sometimes less than 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections in Developing Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1% (3). Healthcare associated infections in developing countries Unlike more affluent countries, infectious diseases continue to pose a heavy burden of morbidity as well as mortality in developing nations (4). Amongst the more important disease entities are a wide range of respiratory diseases including tuberculosis, various gastrointestinal infections, AIDS and HIV plus a spate of parasitic infestations of which malaria is the most significant. However this situation is not limited to ambulatory settings and is equally relevant within healthcare institutions. Deficient infrastructures, rudimentary equipment and a poor quality of care contribute towards incidences of nosocomial infections which have been estimated to be between 2-6 times higher than those in developed nations (5). In many instances, such figures are often guesstimates because surveillance systems are often either non existent or else unreliable. However, the limited studies on prevalence of healthcare associated infections in some developing countries in the world suggest that up to 40% of these are probably preventable (5). This situation appears to particularly severe within intensive care settings where up to 60 to 90 infections per 1000 care-days have been reported; excess mortality rates in more severe infections such as blood stream and lower respiratory infections approaches 25% in adults and more than 50% in neonates (6). The challenges of infection in healthcare facilities within developing nations is also of a wider spectrum than that normally found in equivalent hospitals in the western world. Numerous publications have highlighted the frequency by which normally community infections, such as cholera, measles and enteric pathogens, spread nosocomially within such institutions (7, 8). In many instances outbreaks are traceable to an index case who would have been inappropriately managed in a background of overcrowding and limited hospital hygiene. Similar cases of transmission have also been reported in the case of respiratory infections including measles (9). Tuberculosis transmission in healthcare facilities is a major occurrence in many African countries as well as parts of Asia and Latin America (10). In many instances this disease is strongly related to the rise of HIV within these same geographical regions and is not uncommonly complicated by increasing prevalence of multi drug resistant mycobacteria. Blood borne infections are not restricted to HIV alone. Hepatitis B remains a major nosocomial pathogen in many hospitals within the developing world (11). More dramatic and life threatening have been outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fevers in institutions within several countries in the African continent (12). Hospitals are also liable to healthcare associated infection caused by more conventional pathogens which, just like in their western counterparts, can carry the additional burden of antimicrobial resistance (4). Unfortunately data on the prevalence of resistance in nosocomial pathogens is poorly documented in the developing world. However recent publications suggest that this may be even more common than in developed countries. Recent publications from the Mediterranean region have highlighted proportions of meticillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus to exceed 50% in several countries in the Middle East with resistance to third generation cephalosporins in E. coli exceeding 70% in some participating hospitals (13). There may be diverse and often complex backgrounds to this epidemiological situation. Factors facilitating transmission and management of nosocomial infections The infrastructure of healthcare facilities in some of the poorer nations often lacks basic requirements for the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases. Inadequate or unsafe water supply together with lack of resources or equipment for affective environmental cleaning is often compounded by significant overcrowding due to inadequate beds to cope with demand (14). There is often lack of strategic direction as well as effective planning for healthcare delivery at both national as well as local levels. A functional sterilisation department is by no means a standard occurrence in every hospital, even in the larger urban institutions. Other areas of concern include poor awareness or knowledge about communicable disease transmission amongst healthcare workers and lack of commitment within senior management (15). This is particularly relevant in developing countries where nurses, doctors and patients are often unaware of the importance of infection control and its relevance to safe healthcare (16). Medical practitioners may have a tendency to be heavily committed towards individual patients and disinclined to think of them in groups, a concept which is the antithesis of basic infection prevention and control (17). They are often unaware of risks of nosocomial infections, attributing such possible developments to be natural or inevitable (18). On the other hand, nurses have more intimate contact with patients and are trained to take care of patients in groups. Although this increases the potential to serve as sources of cross-transmission, nurses are likely to more positive towards infection control policies. However this is hindered by the comparatively lower status offered to nurses in the developing world and also complicated by a gender bias in environments where emancipation of women has been slow. Attitudes of senior medical staff may further compound the problem through personality clashes, resistance to change or improvement as well as reluctance to work in tandem with other health professionals. Non existent litigation further accentuates lack of accountability at various levels. Furthermore, many patients have limited expectations, already regarding themselves fortunate to have any sort of institutional care and as a result accept a significant degree of morbidity as part of their hospital stay. It must be emphasised that even in the poorer countries, this set of circumstances is by no means universal in all hospitals. It is not uncommon that, even where most of the hospitals in a country lack all these basic requirements, individual institutions (often either private or NGO managed) would be in a position to offer healthcare as well as infection control standards of the highest quality. However it would only be a small minority of patients, often coming from a more affluent background, that would be able to benefit from them. The risks of infection in hospitals within the developing world are not only restricted to the patients who receive care within them. Occupational health is an equally low priority in many of these facilities and, as a result, it is not uncommon for healthcare workers to also be exposed and become infected by pathogens causing healthcare associated infections, including viral hepatitis, HIV and tuberculosis. In such limited resource environments and in situations where medical practice is biased towards intervention rather than prevention, it is not surprising that basic infection control programmes are often lacking, particularly in smaller hospitals in rural areas (18). Even within larger urban facilities, infection control teams, composed of both an infection control nurse as well as doctor, who have been trained and have managerial backup are very much in the minority. They are often restricted to academic institutions, heavily funded government or private tertiary care units. Even where present, these teams tend to encounter numerous logistical obstacles including lack administrative, clerical and IT support. Infection control output therefore tends to be significantly variable; policies and procedures are either absent or lack consultation, evidence base or suitable addressing f local needs. Healthcare professionals also face significant challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease (4). Diagnostic facilities are often lacking. Laboratories may be absent or limited as a result of inadequate resources of both a material as well as human resource nature. Trained laboratory scientists are very much in the minority whereas the impl ementation of quality control programs to ensure validity in the laboratory’s output is not viewed as a crucial. This situation is worsened by possible lack of confidence in the laboratory from clinicians who would prefer to undertake treatment blindly, based only on clinical judgement or recommendations from other countries rather than local epidemiology. One reason for this is the lack of feedback of local resistance data (20). This risks inappropriate treatment which would not properly cover local resistance prevalence patterns. Another major factor hindering the treatment of infectious disease is the presence of poor quality antimicrobials, even counterfeit, with little or no active ingredient within the formulation (21). Addressing the challenge It is therefore clear that in order to improve the effectiveness of infection control in many developing countries, a multifactorial set of initiatives needs to be undertaken that are both feasible as well as achievable in this background of economical and social deficits (15). It is essential that infection control teams increase their presence within hospitals in these regions. These key personnel must be provided with the necessary training as well as administrative support and facilities in order to deliver the required services. Such teams would be able to identify the major challenges and assess relevant risks through tailored surveillance programmes. Surveillance constitutes a challenge in such environments since it is often time consuming and resource dependent (22). In addition it requires a reasonable level of laboratory support. Nevertheless it is possible using simplified definitions of healthcare associated infections, as suggested by the World Health Organisation, to achieve a surveillance programme even with very limited resources (23). Such initiatives need to concentrate on the more serious infections and document their impact in the respective facility. Trained infection control personnel would also be appropriate drivers to eliminate wasteful practices which siphon resources away from truly effective practices. Dogmas include routine use of disinfectants for environmental cleaning, use of unnecessary personal protective equipment such as overshoes, excessive waste management procedures which treat all waste generated in the hospital as infectious. Infection Control teams will be able to spearhead cost-effective interventions based on training of healthcare workers to comply with relevant infection control measures related to standard precautions, isolation together with occupational health and safety. It is possible to achieve significant reduction in the prevalence of healthcare associated infections through low cost measures; interventions aimed at preventing cross transmission of infection are particularly effective. There is no doubt that one of the most cost effective interventions in limited resource environments is improved compliance with hand hygiene. The World Health Organisation has indeed designated improvement of health hygiene within healthcare facilities worldwide as a priority and chose this topic for its first Global Patient Safety Challenge under the banner ‘Clean Care is Safer Care’ (6). A comprehensive set of tools have been tested worldwide in pilot hospitals, the majority of which were in developing countries. The emphasis of this initiative focuses on the availability and utilisation of alcohol hand rub for patient contact situations where hands are physically clean. This is made possible through local manufacture of inexpensive, good quality products according to a validated formula. A multimodal strategy requires these alcohol hand rub containers to be available at point of care and for the staff of the hospital to receive adequate training and education in their use. Hand hygiene practices are monitored and feedback on performance regularly provided to the users. Reminders in the workplace sensitise awareness and belief amongst healthcare workers in general. Infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities within the developing world continues to offer numerous challenges as a result of reduced resources related to socio-economics, infrastructure and human resources. However it is possible to achieve substantial progress even within such challenging circumstances through a programme led by trained and empowered infection control professionals. Such initiatives need to concentrate on low cost, high impact interventions and emphasis on training, backed by interaction and networking with colleagues and societies within the country itself and beyond. References: 1. Moe CL, Rheingans RD. Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J Water Health. 2006; 4 Suppl 1:41-57. 2. Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:710-7. 3. World Health Organization. Implementation of the global strategy for health for all by the year 2000. 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